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1 contrary to public policy
contrary to public policy adj wider das öffentliche Interesse, sittenwidrig -
2 transaction contrary to public policy
Englisch-Deutsch Fachwörterbuch der Wirtschaft > transaction contrary to public policy
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3 policy
I 'poləsi plural - policies; noun(a planned or agreed course of action usually based on particular principles: the government's policies on education.) política
II 'poləsi plural - policies; noun(a (written) agreement with an insurance company: an insurance policy.)policy n1. política2. pólizatr['pɒlɪsɪ]1 SMALLPOLITICS/SMALL política2 (course of action, plan) política, estrategia3 (insurance) póliza (de seguros)\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto do something as a matter of policy tener por norma hacer algopolicy holder asegurado,-a1) : política fforeign policy: política exteriorn.• norma s.f.• normas de conducta s.f.pl.• plan s.m.• plan de acción s.m.• política s.f.• programa político s.m.• póliza s.f.• regla s.f.'pɑːləsi, 'pɒləsi1) u ca) ( Pol) política fpolicy ON something: their policy on education su política en materia de educación or en cuanto a educación; (before n) policy document — documento m normativo
b) (standard practice, plan) ( Busn) política fit is good/bad policy — es/no es recomendable
I ['pɒlɪsɪ]1. N1) (gen, principles) política f ; [of party, at election] programa m ; [of newspaper] normas fpl de conductait is a good/bad policy — es buena/mala táctica
2) † (=prudence, prudent procedure) discreción f2.CPDpolicy adviser, policy advisor N — (to organization, prime minister) consejero(-a) m / f político(-a)
policy decision N — decisión f de principio
policy priority N — prioridad f política
policy statement N — declaración f de política
II
['pɒlɪsɪ]N (also: insurance policy) póliza fto take out a policy — sacar una póliza, hacerse un seguro
* * *['pɑːləsi, 'pɒləsi]1) u ca) ( Pol) política fpolicy ON something: their policy on education su política en materia de educación or en cuanto a educación; (before n) policy document — documento m normativo
b) (standard practice, plan) ( Busn) política fit is good/bad policy — es/no es recomendable
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4 sittenwidriges Rechtsgeschäft
sittenwidriges Rechtsgeschäft n RECHT transaction contrary to public policy* * *n < Recht> transaction contrary to public policy* * *sittenwidriges Rechtsgeschäft
unconscionable bargain (transaction), transaction contra bonos moresBusiness german-english dictionary > sittenwidriges Rechtsgeschäft
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5 Interesse
Interesse n GEN, RECHT interest, int. • im Interesse einer abwesenden Person handeln RECHT act in the interest of an absent person, act on behalf of an absent person, act for the sake of an absent person (Vorträge) • jmds. Interessen schützen GEN protect sb’s interests • jmds. Interessen wahrnehmen GEN protect sb’s interests, represent sb’s interests* * *n <Geschäft, Recht> interest (int.) ■ im Interesse einer abwesenden Person handeln < Recht> Vorträge act in the interest of an absent person, act on behalf of an absent person, act for the sake of an absent person ■ jmds. Interessen schützen < Geschäft> protect sb's interests ■ jmds. Interessen wahrnehmen < Geschäft> protect sb's interests, represent sb's interests* * *Interesse
interest, concern, stake, share, fancy, care, regard, (Akkordwesen) inducement;
• das öffentliche Interesse berührend affected with a public interest;
• durch gemeinsame Interessen verbunden knit together by common interests;
• für das eigene Interesse for one’s own hand;
• gegen das öffentliche Interesse [verstoßend] contrary to public policy;
• im öffentlichen Interesse for the public benefit, in the public interest, (Beamtenentlassung) good of service;
• im Interesse der Verbraucher in the interests of the consumers;
• von aktuellem Interesse of present interest;
• von unmittelbarem Interesse on the nail;
• allgemeines Interesse general interest;
• rechtlich anerkanntes Interesse legal interest;
• anhaltendes Interesse continue[d] interest;
• bankfremde Interessen non-banking interests;
• berechtigtes Interesse legitimate (lawful) interest;
• berufliches Interesse professional interest, interest in the job;
• beteiligte Interessen the interest at issue;
• entgegengesetzte (entgegenstehende) Interessen conflicting interests;
• entgegenlaufende Interessen opposite interests;
• erhöhtes Interesse an upsurge of interest in;
• finanzielles (geldwertes) Interesse moneyed (pecuniary) interest;
• geschäftliches Interesse liking for (interest in a) business, stake in a business (coll.);
• weit gespannte Interessen catholic tastes;
• kaufmännische Interessen business (commercial, mercantile) concerns;
• kollidierende Interessen conflicting (clashing) interests;
• lebenswichtiges Interesse vital interest;
• lokale Interessen sectional interests;
• materialistische Interessen greed;
• öffentliches Interesse public interest (policy);
• schutzfähiges Interesse legitimate interest;
• überschneidende Interessen clashing interests;
• untergeordnetes Interesse subordinate interest;
• unternehmerähnliches Interesse partner-like stake;
• vermögensrechtliches Interesse pecuniary interest;
• versicherbares Interesse insurable interest;
• nicht versicherungsfähiges Interesse prohibited risk;
• widerstreitende Interessen incompatible (clashing, conflicting) interests;
• allgemeines wirtschaftliches Interesse general economic interest;
• Interessen der Allgemeinheit common interests;
• Interessen der Arbeiterschaft workers’ interests;
• sich nachteilig auf jds. Interessen auswirken to be prejudicial (prove injurious) to s. one’s interests;
• seine eigenen Interessen bedenken (im Auge haben) to consult (study) one’s own interests;
• jds. Interessen beeinträchtigen to injure (impair, interfere with) s. one’s interests;
• sich auf Wahrnehmungen berechtigter Interessen berufen to plead justification;
• Interessen berühren to affect interests;
• jds. Interessen dienen to suit s. one’s interests;
• dem öffentlichen Interesse dienen to serve (perform in) the public interest;
• sich für jds. Interessen einsetzen to safeguard s. one’s interests;
• eigenen Interessen entgegenstehen to interfere with one’s private interests;
• jds. Interessen gefährden to jeopardize s. one’s interests;
• Interesse an einem Markt gewinnen to be attracted to a market;
• materielles Interesse an etw. haben to have a stake in s. th.;
• gegen jds. Interessen handeln to act adversely to s. one’s interests;
• gegen die Interessen seines Kunden handeln to operate against one’s client;
• mit jds. Interessen kollidieren to collide (come into collision) with s. one’s interests;
• seine persönlichen Interessen offen legen (Vorstandsmitglied) to declare one’s interests;
• seine Interessen in eine andere Richtung lenken to rechannel one’s interests;
• in fest verwurzeltem Interesse liegen to reside in entrenched interests;
• im öffentlichen Interesse liegen to benefit public welfare, to benefit the public interest, to be [expedient] in the public interest;
• sein geschäftliches Interesse nicht sichtbar machen to retain one’s business privacy;
• sich gegen das öffentliche Interesse richten to operate against the public interest;
• jds. Interessen schädigen to be harmful (prejudicial) to s. one’s interests;
• jds. Interessen abträglich sein to be of prejudice (prejudicial, detrimental) to s. one’s interests;
• im öffentlichen Interesse tätig sein to act for the common good;
• im Mittelpunkt des öffentlichen Interesses stehen to be in the limelight, to be large in the public eye;
• jds. Interessen verletzen to run counter to s. one’s interests;
• seine Interessen verteidigen to build defences for one’s interests;
• Interessen vertreten to safeguard interests;
• seine eigenen Interessen vertreten to fight for one’s own hand;
• Interessen der europäischen Verbraucher vertreten to represent the interests of the Union’s consumers;
• gewissen früheren Interessen vorgehen to overreach certain prior interests;
• Interessen wahren (Börsenmakler) to protect (guard) interests;
• jds. Interessen wahrnehmen to uphold (safeguard) s. one’s interests, to be loyal to the interests of s. o.;
• seine Interessen wahrnehmen to attend to (look after) one’s interests, to mend one’s fences (US sl.);
• jds. Interesse an einer Angelegenheit wecken to interest s. o. in a cause (plan);
• beträchtliches Interesse für etw. zeigen (Börse) to give a fair amount of support to;
• plötzlich Interesse zeigen to sit and take notice (US coll.). -
6 Bedingung
Bedingung f 1. COMP condition; 2. GEN condition, precondition, prerequisite; 3. RECHT condition; stipulation (Vertragsrecht) • unter der Bedingung, dass GEN on condition that, on the stipulation that, with the stipulation that • zur Bedingung machen GEN stipulate* * *f 1. < Comp> condition; 2. < Geschäft> condition, precondition, prerequisite; 3. < Recht> condition, Vertragsrecht stipulation ■ unter der Bedingung, dass < Geschäft> on condition that, on the stipulation that, with the stipulation that ■ zur Bedingung machen < Geschäft> stipulate* * *Bedingung
condition, clause, provision, proviso, (Voraussetzung) qualification, stipulation;
• unter ähnlichen Bedingungen on similar terms;
• unter günstigen Bedingungen on easy terms;
• unter den jetzigen Bedingungen as it stands;
• unter Bedingung einer Gegenleistung on reciprocal terms;
• zu annehmbaren Bedingungen on accommodating (reasonable) terms;
• zu seinen eigenen Bedingungen on its own terms;
• zu kulanten Bedingungen on accommodating terms;
• zu den üblichen Bedingungen on usual terms;
• zu vorteilhaften Bedingungen on advantageous terms;
• annehmbare Bedingungen fair (reasonable) terms;
• auflösende Bedingung resolutive (resolutory, subsequent) condition;
• aufschiebende Bedingung condition precedent, suspensive (suspensory) condition;
• ausdrückliche Bedingung express (explicit) condition;
• äußerste Bedingungen best terms;
• drückende (erschwerte) Bedingungen onerous terms;
• Zug um Zug zu erfüllende Bedingungen concurrent (mutual) conditions;
• ausdrücklich festgelegte Bedingungen express conditions;
• vertraglich festgelegte Bedingungen conditions set forth in a contract;
• gegen das öffentliche Interesse gerichtete Bedingungen conditions which are contrary to public policy;
• gesetzliche Bedingung statutory provision;
• günstige Bedingungen optimum conditions;
• harte Bedingungen onerous terms;
• kulante Bedingungen liberal settlement;
• menschenunwürdige Bedingungen inhuman conditions;
• präzise Bedingungen unambiguous terms;
• selbstständige Bedingung independent condition;
• selbstverständliche (stillschweigende) Bedingung implied condition;
• unmögliche Bedingung impossible condition;
• mit einem Vertrag unvereinbare Bedingung repugnant condition;
• unvorteilhafte Bedingungen unfavo(u)rable (unprofitable) terms;
• zwingend vorgeschriebene Bedingung compulsory condition;
• ausdrücklich zugesicherte Bedingung affirmative condition;
• rechtlich zulässige Bedingung lawful condition;
• technische Bedingungen des Auftraggebers customer specifications;
• Bedingungen bei sofortiger Bezahlung (Barzahlung) spot conditions;
• Bedingungen für Kundenkosten charge account terms;
• Bedingungen für monatliche Zahlungsweise end-of-month terms;
• Bedingungen annehmen (akzeptieren) to accept the terms;
• unter einer Bedingung annehmen to accept under reserve;
• bestimmte Bedingungen annehmen to agree upon certain conditions;
• jds. Bedingungen ohne Vorbehalt annehmen to accept s. one’s conditions without reseve;
• unter ungünstigen (schwierigen) Bedingungen arbeiten to labo(u)r under a disadvantage, to work under difficult conditions;
• Bedingungen aushandeln to stipulate terms;
• sich auf bestimmte Bedingungen einigen to settle on certain conditions;
• Bedingungen erfüllen to comply with conditions, (beim Vertrag) to execute;
• die jeweiligen gesetzlichen Bedingungen erfüllen to satisfy the eligibility conditions;
• die im Vertrag verankerten Bedingungen erfüllen to meet the conditions laid down by a treaty;
• vorteilhafte Bedingungen erhalten to obtain favo(u)rable conditions;
• jem. vorteilhafte Bedingungen gewähren to make good terms with s. o.;
• Bedingungen eines Heereslieferungsvertrages modifizieren to renegotiate an army supply contract (US);
• seine Bedingungen nennen (stellen) to make (name) one’s terms;
• Bedingung stellen to set up a condition;
• Bedingungen stillschweigend zustimmen to acquiesce in the terms;
• Bedingungen bleiben auszuhandeln (Inserat) terms are for discussion;
• Kurzschrift erwünscht, aber nicht Bedingung (Anzeige) shorthand an advantage but not essential. -
7 gegen das öffentliche Interesse gerichtete Bedingungen
gegen das öffentliche Interesse gerichtete Bedingungen
conditions which are contrary to public policyBusiness german-english dictionary > gegen das öffentliche Interesse gerichtete Bedingungen
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8 gegen das öffentliche Interesse (verstoßend)
gegen das öffentliche Interesse (verstoßend)
contrary to public policyBusiness german-english dictionary > gegen das öffentliche Interesse (verstoßend)
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9 ordnungswidrig
ordnungswidrig
contrary to public policy. -
10 ir en contra de
(v.) = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul ofEx. Any mis-spellings, poor grammar and verbose phrasing and any other features that contravene good abstracting practice must be eliminated.Ex. If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.Ex. But since the project, development have largely gone against it, with many libraries installing their own data systems.Ex. Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.Ex. To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries followed by the founders of Anglo-American cataloging.Ex. What factors told against them?.Ex. These activities may also be at odds with processes routinely applied across the board, such as lamination.Ex. Libraries in developing countries may represent part of an alien cultural package, an importation ill suited to the country's needs, even working at cross purposes to the people's interests.Ex. These two functions of the library have often been at cross purposes to one another, because each has been associated with a conflicting view of the kind and amount of assistance to be offered to the reader.Ex. By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.Ex. For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.Ex. This is a rather unexpected conclusion, and is of course contrary to most of what has been stated in this text; it is also contrary to the experience of large numbers of librarians, who have found that controlled vocabularies are helpful in practice.Ex. Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.Ex. Which means we must create a reading environment that helps and encourages reading rather than works against it.Ex. Classes of children can sometimes prove to be stubbornly set against having anything to do with book introductions, and it is better then to engage them in other activities rather than be doggedly determined to have one's own way and to go on in the face of their antagonism.Ex. Unfortunately the Library of Congress still has a policy which runs counter to this need.Ex. This runs contrary to earlier user studies, particularly those of scientists and engineers, which concluded that perceived source accessibility was the overwhelming factor in source selection.Ex. Sharp of tongue, Watterston was often at loggerheads with the authorities, particularly the Joint Library Committee.Ex. Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.Ex. To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries followed by the founders of Anglo-American cataloging.Ex. As a result public libraries came into disrepute and even today authorities speak against them.Ex. Unfortunately for them, this approach runs afoul of Iraqi tribal customs since they are, reportedly, endogamous with respect to tribe.Ex. As some of her prophecies came true, she fell afoul of the authorities and was arrested by the Holy Order.* * *(v.) = contravene, fly in + the face of, go against, militate against, stand in + contrast to, tell against, be at odds with, work at + cross purposes, be at cross purposes, turn against, play against, be contrary to, run up against, work against, set against, run + counter to, run + contrary to, be at loggerheads with, argue against, stand in + sharp contrast to, speak against, run + afoul of, fall + afoul ofEx: Any mis-spellings, poor grammar and verbose phrasing and any other features that contravene good abstracting practice must be eliminated.
Ex: If a planned activity flies in the face of human nature, its success will be only as great as the non-human factors can ensure.Ex: But since the project, development have largely gone against it, with many libraries installing their own data systems.Ex: Local interpretations of the rules, and modifications to suit local circumstances, certainly militate against standard records.Ex: To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries followed by the founders of Anglo-American cataloging.Ex: What factors told against them?.Ex: These activities may also be at odds with processes routinely applied across the board, such as lamination.Ex: Libraries in developing countries may represent part of an alien cultural package, an importation ill suited to the country's needs, even working at cross purposes to the people's interests.Ex: These two functions of the library have often been at cross purposes to one another, because each has been associated with a conflicting view of the kind and amount of assistance to be offered to the reader.Ex: By imposing a ban one is only likely to set up antagonism and frustration which will turn against the very thing we are trying to encourage.Ex: For me a picture of myself in a dentist's waiting room is a perfect metaphor for set and setting very much in play against the easily obtained pleasures I usually get from reading.Ex: This is a rather unexpected conclusion, and is of course contrary to most of what has been stated in this text; it is also contrary to the experience of large numbers of librarians, who have found that controlled vocabularies are helpful in practice.Ex: Some of the information from the EEC Government in Brussels is provided off the record, which sometimes runs up against the UK Government's wall of secrecy.Ex: Which means we must create a reading environment that helps and encourages reading rather than works against it.Ex: Classes of children can sometimes prove to be stubbornly set against having anything to do with book introductions, and it is better then to engage them in other activities rather than be doggedly determined to have one's own way and to go on in the face of their antagonism.Ex: Unfortunately the Library of Congress still has a policy which runs counter to this need.Ex: This runs contrary to earlier user studies, particularly those of scientists and engineers, which concluded that perceived source accessibility was the overwhelming factor in source selection.Ex: Sharp of tongue, Watterston was often at loggerheads with the authorities, particularly the Joint Library Committee.Ex: Some teachers argue against book clubs, claiming that they bring together only a certain kind of avid reader, the literary equivalent of the religiously effete and over-pious.Ex: To sum it up, ISBD stands in sharp contrast to the ideal of concise and clear entries followed by the founders of Anglo-American cataloging.Ex: As a result public libraries came into disrepute and even today authorities speak against them.Ex: Unfortunately for them, this approach runs afoul of Iraqi tribal customs since they are, reportedly, endogamous with respect to tribe.Ex: As some of her prophecies came true, she fell afoul of the authorities and was arrested by the Holy Order. -
11 Bestimmung
Bestimmung f 1. GEN, V&M determination, designation; allocation; 2. RW appropriation (von Geldern); 3. RECHT stipulation, provision (Vorschrift); 4. VERSICH clause (Klausel); 5. WIWI appropriation, regulation • seiner Bestimmung übergeben GEN, MGT inaugurate, open to the public* * *f 1. < Geschäft> allocation; 2. < Rechnung> von Geldern appropriation; 3. < Recht> Vorschrift stipulation, provision; 4. < Versich> Klausel clause; 5. <Vw> appropriation, regulation* * *Bestimmung
(Ernennung) appointment, nomination, designation, (Festsetzung) fixing, fixation, (Feststellung) ascertainment, (Verfügung) disposition, (Verordnung) regulation, ordinance, order, decree, (Vertrag) clause, stipulation, provision, condition, article, recital, (Vorschrift) direction, (Zuweisung) allocation, appropriation, assignation, assignment;
• aufgrund der Bestimmungen des Paragraphen 21 by the terms of article 21;
• gemäß den vertraglichen Bestimmungen according to the provisions of the agreement;
• laut steuerrechtlichen Bestimmungen under tax laws;
• mit Ausnahme gegenteiliger (vorbehaltlich anderweitiger) Bestimmungen save as otherwise provided;
• ungeachtet gegenteiliger Bestimmungen notwithstanding any provisions to the contrary;
• unter eine Bestimmung fallend includible;
• Bestimmungen terms, conditions, provisions, regulations, rules;
• allgemeine Bestimmungen general provisions;
• amtliche Bestimmungen official regulations;
• aufhebende Bestimmung rescinding clause;
• auflösende Bestimmung conditional clause;
• ausdrückliche Bestimmung express condition;
• ausdrückliche arbeitsvertragliche Bestimmung express statement;
• degressive Bestimmungen (Besteuerung) tapering provisions;
• devisenrechtliche Bestimmungen [foreign-]exchange regulations;
• eingefügte Bestimmung inserted clause;
• eingeschränkte Bestimmungen modifying conditions;
• einschränkende Bestimmung restrictive clause, (Konkurrenzklausel) restraining clause;
• elastische Bestimmungen elastic rules;
• entgegenstehende Bestimmungen regulations to the contrary;
• dem Parteiwillen vermutlich entsprechende Bestimmungen implied terms;
• fakultative Bestimmungen non-compulsory clauses;
• forstpolizeiliche Bestimmungen forest regulations;
• gegenteilige Bestimmung provision to the contrary;
• geltende Bestimmungen current regulations;
• gesetzliche Bestimmungen statutory (legal) provisions;
• gewerbepolizeiliche Bestimmungen inspection laws;
• haushaltsrechtliche Bestimmungen budgetary regulations;
• interne Bestimmungen internal regulations;
• konkursrechtliche Bestimmungen bankrupt[cy] laws;
• nähere Bestimmungen specifications, specific regulations;
• vorhandene nationale Bestimmungen existing national rules;
• normative Bestimmungen (Tarifvertrag) normative effect;
• postalische Bestimmungen postal regulations;
• preiseinschränkende Bestimmungen price-fixing restrictions;
• protokollarische Bestimmungen ceremonial rules, rules of protocol;
• steuerrechtliche Bestimmungen fiscal (tax-law) provisions, tax laws (regulations);
• umweltpolitische Bestimmung environmental provision;
• unabdingbare Bestimmungen mandatory provisions;
• vorvertragliche Bestimmungen precontractual terms;
• wesentliche Bestimmungen material terms;
• zollamtliche Bestimmungen customs regulations;
• zusätzliche Bestimmungen added (additional) clauses;
• zwingende Bestimmung compulsory clause, mandatory provision (US);
• Bestimmungen über die Altersversicherung old-age provisions;
• Bestimmungen über die Aufrechterhaltung der Versicherungsansprüche bei Verfall (Rückkauf) der Police non-forfeiture provisions;
• Bestimmungen des Ausbildungsvertrages conditions of apprenticeship;
• Bestimmung über Barzahlung und Transport auf eigenen Schiffen cash-and-carry clause (US);
• Bestimmung des Begünstigten (Testamentsvollstrecker) power of appointment;
• Bestimmungen über die steuerliche Behandlung von Kapitalgewinnen (Kapitalverlusten) (Einkommensteuer) capital gains (losses) provisions;
• Bestimmungen des EG-Vertrages treaty provisions;
• Bestimmungen über die Einbehaltung von Lohnsteuern withholding regulations;
• Bestimmungen über die Einberufung und Abhaltung von Hauptversammlungen provisions as to notice and procedure at general meetings;
• Bestimmung des Einzelhandelspreises setting the retail-price, retailprice determination (fixing, making);
• Bestimmungen über den Eisenbahngüterverkehr railway company’s regulations;
• Bestimmungen für den Elternurlaub provisions about parental leave;
• Bestimmung von 10 Millionen als Entwicklungshilfe allocation of 10 million as development aid;
• Bestimmung des Erbberechtigten appointment of an heir (US);
• Bestimmungen im Falle sozial ungerechtfertigter Kündigung unfair dismissal provisions;
• Bestimmungen über den Flugzeugbau (GATT) aircraft rules;
• Bestimmungen über das Führen von Telefongesprächen telephone regulations;
• Bestimmungen über die Führung von Anderkonten durch Rechtsanwälte Solictors’ Accounts Rules (Br.);
• Bestimmungen über die Gewährung zusätzlicher Leistungen fringe issues;
• Bestimmungen über den Kapitalbedarf capital requirements;
• eingeschränkende Bestimmungen für Lombardkredite (Börse) margin rules (US);
• Bestimmungen gegen den Missbrauch von Steuervergünstigungen anti-avoiding provisions;
• Bestimmung eines Nachfolgers designation of a successor;
• Bestimmungen über das Nettokapitalverhältnis net capital rule;
• Bestimmungen über das Postsparkassenwesen Post Office Savings Bank Regulations;
• Bestimmung eines Testaments clause of a will;
• einschränkende Bestimmungen aus Umweltschutzgründen environmental restrictions;
• Bestimmungen über übertarifliche Vergütungen name-in-lights clauses;
• Bestimmungen über den Versand von Standarddrucksachen printed-paper conditions (Br.);
• Bestimmungen des Versicherungsaufsichtsamtes state insurance regulations;
• Bestimmungen einer Versicherungspolice provisions of an insurance policy;
• Bestimmung des Versicherungsumfanges operative clause;
• Bestimmungen des Versicherungsvertrages policy provisions;
• einleitende Bestimmungen eines Vertrages preliminary articles of a treaty;
• Bestimmung über die Vertragsdauer termination clause;
• Bestimmung eines Zeitpunkts determination of a date;
• aufgrund einzelner Bestimmungen ablehnen to give a qualified no;
• durch vertragliche Bestimmungen absichern to guard by clauses;
• am Ort seiner Bestimmung ankommen to reach one’s destination;
• Bestimmung anwenden to apply a provision;
• Bestimmungen aufheben to abolish provisions;
• einschränkende Bestimmungen aufheben to deregulationize;
• Bestimmung eng auslegen to construe a clause narrowly;
• Bestimmung weit auslegen to construe a clause extensively;
• von den kartellrechtlichen Bestimmungen ausnehmen to exempt from the antitrust rules;
• Bestimmung beibehalten to retain a provision;
• den einkommensteuerrechtlichen Bestimmungen nicht entsprechen to be repugnant to Income-Tax Act;
• Bestimmung erlassen to lay down a regulation, to issue an order;
• unter eine Bestimmung fallen to come within the scope of (be covered by) a clause;
• unter die gesetzlichen Bestimmungen (die Bestimmung en eines Gesetzes) fallen to come within the provisions (scope) of a law (provisions of an act);
• keine Bestimmungen für einen derartigen Fall getroffen haben to have made no provisions for a case of this kind;
• sich unnachgiebig an eine Bestimmung halten to adhere strictly to a clause;
• in Übereinstimmung mit den Bestimmungen handeln to conform with (to) provisions;
• Bestimmungen eines Abkommens in Kraft setzen to implement the provisions of a convention;
• keine Bestimmung treffen (Vertrag) to be silent;
• für einen Fall keine Bestimmungen treffen to make no provisions for a case;
• die notwendigen Bestimmungen treffen to take the necessary steps;
• Brücke ihrer Bestimmung übergeben to open a bridge;
• Gebäude seiner Bestimmung übergeben to inaugurate a building;
• Bestimmungen umgehen to evade regulations, (gesetzliche) to dodge the law;
• konkursrechtlichen Bestimmungen unterliegen to be amenable to bankruptcy laws;
• sich seiner Bestimmung unterwerfen to mortgage o. s. to a clause;
• Bestimmungen über marktgemäße (marktgerechte) Kurse bei Übernahmeverhandlungen in den Statuten verankern to incorporate a fair-price provision in its charter;
• Bestimmung verletzen to be in violation of a provision;
• besondere Bestimmung vorsehen to make a special provision about;
• von einer der Bestimmungen erfasst werden to fall within one of the paragraphs;
• den Bestimmungen zuwiderhandeln to contravene the terms;
• die Bestimmungen besagen it says in the regulations;
• gesonderte Bestimmungen gelten für special provisions apply to. -
12 Economy
Portugal's economy, under the influence of the European Economic Community (EEC), and later with the assistance of the European Union (EU), grew rapidly in 1985-86; through 1992, the average annual growth was 4-5 percent. While such growth rates did not last into the late 1990s, portions of Portugal's society achieved unprecedented prosperity, although poverty remained entrenched. It is important, however, to place this current growth, which includes some not altogether desirable developments, in historical perspective. On at least three occasions in this century, Portugal's economy has experienced severe dislocation and instability: during the turbulent First Republic (1911-25); during the Estado Novo, when the world Depression came into play (1930-39); and during the aftermath of the Revolution of 25 April, 1974. At other periods, and even during the Estado Novo, there were eras of relatively steady growth and development, despite the fact that Portugal's weak economy lagged behind industrialized Western Europe's economies, perhaps more than Prime Minister Antônio de Oliveira Salazar wished to admit to the public or to foreigners.For a number of reasons, Portugal's backward economy underwent considerable growth and development following the beginning of the colonial wars in Africa in early 1961. Recent research findings suggest that, contrary to the "stagnation thesis" that states that the Estado Novo economy during the last 14 years of its existence experienced little or no growth, there were important changes, policy shifts, structural evolution, and impressive growth rates. In fact, the average annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate (1961-74) was about 7 percent. The war in Africa was one significant factor in the post-1961 economic changes. The new costs of finance and spending on the military and police actions in the African and Asian empires in 1961 and thereafter forced changes in economic policy.Starting in 1963-64, the relatively closed economy was opened up to foreign investment, and Lisbon began to use deficit financing and more borrowing at home and abroad. Increased foreign investment, residence, and technical and military assistance also had effects on economic growth and development. Salazar's government moved toward greater trade and integration with various international bodies by signing agreements with the European Free Trade Association and several international finance groups. New multinational corporations began to operate in the country, along with foreign-based banks. Meanwhile, foreign tourism increased massively from the early 1960s on, and the tourism industry experienced unprecedented expansion. By 1973-74, Portugal received more than 8 million tourists annually for the first time.Under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano, other important economic changes occurred. High annual economic growth rates continued until the world energy crisis inflation and a recession hit Portugal in 1973. Caetano's system, through new development plans, modernized aspects of the agricultural, industrial, and service sectors and linked reform in education with plans for social change. It also introduced cadres of forward-looking technocrats at various levels. The general motto of Caetano's version of the Estado Novo was "Evolution with Continuity," but he was unable to solve the key problems, which were more political and social than economic. As the boom period went "bust" in 1973-74, and growth slowed greatly, it became clear that Caetano and his governing circle had no way out of the African wars and could find no easy compromise solution to the need to democratize Portugal's restive society. The economic background of the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was a severe energy shortage caused by the world energy crisis and Arab oil boycott, as well as high general inflation, increasing debts from the African wars, and a weakening currency. While the regime prescribed greater Portuguese investment in Africa, in fact Portuguese businesses were increasingly investing outside of the escudo area in Western Europe and the United States.During the two years of political and social turmoil following the Revolution of 25 April 1974, the economy weakened. Production, income, reserves, and annual growth fell drastically during 1974-76. Amidst labor-management conflict, there was a burst of strikes, and income and productivity plummeted. Ironically, one factor that cushioned the economic impact of the revolution was the significant gold reserve supply that the Estado Novo had accumulated, principally during Salazar's years. Another factor was emigration from Portugal and the former colonies in Africa, which to a degree reduced pressures for employment. The sudden infusion of more than 600,000 refugees from Africa did increase the unemployment rate, which in 1975 was 10-15 percent. But, by 1990, the unemployment rate was down to about 5-6 percent.After 1985, Portugal's economy experienced high growth rates again, which averaged 4-5 percent through 1992. Substantial economic assistance from the EEC and individual countries such as the United States, as well as the political stability and administrative continuity that derived from majority Social Democratic Party (PSD) governments starting in mid-1987, supported new growth and development in the EEC's second poorest country. With rapid infrastruc-tural change and some unregulated development, Portugal's leaders harbored a justifiable concern that a fragile environment and ecology were under new, unacceptable pressures. Among other improvements in the standard of living since 1974 was an increase in per capita income. By 1991, the average minimum monthly wage was about 40,000 escudos, and per capita income was about $5,000 per annum. By the end of the 20th century, despite continuing poverty at several levels in Portugal, Portugal's economy had made significant progress. In the space of 15 years, Portugal had halved the large gap in living standards between itself and the remainder of the EU. For example, when Portugal joined the EU in 1986, its GDP, in terms of purchasing power-parity, was only 53 percent of the EU average. By 2000, Portugal's GDP had reached 75 percent of the EU average, a considerable achievement. Whether Portugal could narrow this gap even further in a reasonable amount of time remained a sensitive question in Lisbon. Besides structural poverty and the fact that, in 2006, the EU largesse in structural funds (loans and grants) virtually ceased, a major challenge for Portugal's economy will be to reduce the size of the public sector (about 50 percent of GDP is in the central government) to increase productivity, attract outside investment, and diversify the economy. For Portugal's economic planners, the 21st century promises to be challenging. -
13 προαίρεσις
A choosing one thing before another, Pl. Prm. 143c; purpose, resolution,π. καὶ πρᾶξις Id.Def. 413a
, cf. Arist.EN 1094a2; opp. ἀνάγκη, Isoc. 1.10;ἐκ π. καὶ βουλήσεως D.44.57
, cf. Arist. PA 657b1;ἡ κατὰ π. κίνησις Id.Metaph. 1015a33
; τὰ κατὰ π. ἀδικήματα wrongs done from malice prepense, Lycurg.148; ζῆν κατὰ π., as a test of freedom. Arist.Pol. 1280a34; παρὰ τὴν π. contrary to one's purpose, Id.Metaph. 1015a27; as characteristic of moral action,ἡ π. βουλευτικὴ ὄρεξις τῶν ἐφ' ἡμῖν Id.EN 1113a10
, cf. 1139a23; inclination,χρῶ ὡς βούλει τῇ σεαυτοῦ π. Epicur.
Sent.V at.51; motive,κατὰ προαίρεσιν δακρύειν Hp.Aph.4.52
.2 purpose, plan, or scope of action,τῇ π. τοῦ βίου D.23.141
, 48.56;οὐδενὸς εὐδοκιμεῖ πράγματος ἡ π. Id.Prooem. 50
;ἐπὶ τῇ τοῦ πλεονεκτεῖν π. ζῆν Id.23.127
; ἀναίδεια καὶ π. πονηρίας deliberate wickedness, Id.Ep.3.18;τῶν καλῶν ἔργων Zaleuc.
ap. Stob. 4.2.19: abs., course of life, principle of action,ἐν π. χρηστῇ καὶ βίῳ σώφρονι ζῆν D.Ep.
l.c.;διὰ τὰς τέτταρας δραχμὰς ἀποβάλω τὴν π.; Strato Com.1.33
: pl., principles, Isoc.1.9;αἱ κοιναὶ π. D.18.210
, etc.3 in political language, deliberate course of action, policy, ἡ π. ἡ ἐμὴ καὶ ἡ πολιτεία ib.93; ἡ π. τῆς πολιτείας ib.192, cf. 19.27, Plb.3.8.5, 18.37.1, OGI1763.50 (Milet., ii B.C.); mode of government, such as an oligarchy, D.13.8; ἡ π. τῆς πόλεως, opp. ἡ τύχη, Id.18.306; ἡ π. τῶν κοινῶν ib.292: pl., τὰς κοινὰς π. your public principles, policy, ib.210, cf. 206;ταῖς τοῦ δήμου π. Id.Ep.3.2
.5 political party,οἱ τῆς ἐκείνου π. Id.10.4
.b sect or school of music, philosophy, etc., Plu.2.1137b, Gal.18(2).658;αἱ ἐν φιλοσοφίᾳ π. Luc.Demon.4
, etc.6 conduct,διὰ ταύτης τῆς π. Plb.18.3.3
;ἀνεπίληπτος π. Id.14.2.14
, cf. 30.8.1, 39.3.11.7 character, reputation, ἠστόχει τῆς σφετέρας π. had no regard for his own reputation, Id.7.14.3;ἀείμνηστον καὶ καλὴν ἔχει τὴν π. Id.9.9.10
;καταξίως.. τῆς τῶν ἀλειφομένων π. Arch.Pap.3.134
(Thera, iii/ii B.C.).8 devotion, affection, goodwill,τᾷ π. ἃν ἔχων τυγχάνει ἐς τὰν ἁμὰν πόλιν SIG721.30
(Crete, ii/i B.C.), cf. 593.4 (Perrhaebia, ii B.C.); ἀποδεξάμενον μετ' εὐνοίας τὴν τοῦ δήμου π. the homage of the people, ib.700.43 (Macedonia, ii B.C.); ἐπαινέσαι ἐπὶ τᾷ περὶ.. τὰν τέχναν π. her devotion to her art, ib.738.11 (Delph., i B.C.), cf. 737.12(i B.C.); = σπουδή, zeal, τὴν π. ἣν ὁ δῆμος.. διατελεῖ ποιούμενος τῶν.. ἐνδόξων ib.590.33 (Cos, ii B.C.).9 expressed opinion, advice,τὴν π. ἀποδεξάμενοι τοῦ λέγοντος Plb.39.3.9
, cf. 2.42.4, 7.13.4, 7.14.1.Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > προαίρεσις
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